e agents against oxidative stress, as evidenced by the proportion of proteins invested in antioxidant enzymes (Müller et al. 2020). These sources also include protein-chaperone networks (Santra et al. 2018), protective biomolecules (eg glutathione [GSH], polyphosphate) and protein synthesis (Nishiyama et al. 2011). Many metabolic factors are affected by oxidative stress. For example, glycolysis is controlled by oxidative stress due to peroxide-induced inactivation of the key protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Shenton and Grant 2003). In addition to its effects on cell stoichiometry, oxidative stress also has major implications for eco-evolutionary dynamics (Morris et al. 2011; Laman Trip and Youk 2020), self-signaling (Wood et al. 2003; Mittler and others. 2004, 2011; Fomenko and others. 2011; Petrov and Van Breusegem 2012; Rosenwasser et al. 2014; Mittler 2017), circadian rhythms (Edgar et al. 2012), marine viruses (Sheyn et al. 2016) and marine cell gravitaxy (Carrara et al. 2021).

Our main goal was to investigate how antioxidant systems affect cell stoichiometry. We ask: how does Gmail Numeric Code 6922 issue oxidative stress contribute to the consistency and variability of cell stoichiometry? We use the term “contribution” because antioxidants can affect cell stoichiometry through the processes they mediate, but are themselves part of the cell elemental quota. We focus on marine phytoplankton because they are important players in global biogeochemical cycles (Falkowski et al. 2008) and have the motivation to go further in exploring model organisms and oxidative stress in different environments. (Imlay 2019).

We will begin with some definitions and a brief overview of the conditions that lead to oxidative stress in situ, and then highlight the various antioxidant systems present in phototrophic phytoplankton and their mechanisms. In discussing these mechanisms, we focus on concrete examples from various areas of research that may be relevant to the ocean. In the next part we will ask: with increased oxidative stress, increased production of a given antioxidant increases or decreases the elemental carbon ratios? Finally, we investigated the extent to which different systems affect phytoplankton stoichiometry using previously published proteomic data.